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A total of 61 specimens of Odontesthes argentinensis (Valenciennes, 1835) from waters off Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°08'S 57°32'W) were examined for intestinal parasites. A new nematode species, Cucullanus marplatensis sp. nov. is described (prevalence 42.2%, mean intensity 6.17). The new species differs from its congeners from the Southwest Atlantic by the following characters: body size, spicules length, number and distribution pattern of caudal papillae and the position of the excretory pore and deirids. Additionally, voucher specimens of Cucullanus heterochrous Rudolphi, 1802 cited by Szidat (1961) from Urophycis brasiliensis from Puerto Quequen, Argentina (38°37'S 58°53'W) were also examined and described; their morphology and morphometry do not agree either with those of C. marplatensis sp. nov. or C. heterochrous described from other regions of the world. They could not be identified to species because of the poor preservation of specimens and, therefore, they are designated as Cucullanus sp.